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BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES@#Previous studies have shown an association between breastfeeding and higher fruit and vegetable consumption and the level of dietary variety in children. However, few studies have reported this association on the feeding characteristics.Therefore, this study examined the association of the feeding characteristics with the consumption of fruit and vegetable and dietary variety in children. @*SUBJECTS/METHODS@#This study recruited 802 participants from their parents with information on their feeding, and 24-h dietary recall. The associations of the feeding characteristics with fruit and vegetable consumption and dietary variety score (DVS) were analyzed using a multiple logistic regression model. @*RESULTS@#Compared to the feeding type of exclusive breastfed children, exclusive formulafed children had a significant association with a lower DVS (odds ratio [OR], 0.42, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.23–0.77). Fruit and vegetable consumption was classified into 6 groups: non-salted vegetables (NSV), salted vegetables (SV), fruit (F), total vegetables (TV), non-salted vegetables + fruit (NSVF), and total vegetables + fruit (TVF). According to the mean level of fruit and vegetable consumption, compared to the duration of total breastfeeding for 6 month or less, a greater duration of breastfeeding for 12 mon had a significant association with a higher intake of NSVF and TVF (OR, 1.85, 95% CI, 1.20–2.85 and OR, 1.89, 95% CI, 1.22–2.92). On the other hand, the early introduction of formula feeding for 4 mon had a significant association with a lower intake of F and NSVF (OR, 0.59, 95% CI, 0.38–0.91 and OR, 0.63, 95% CI, 0.40–0.99). @*CONCLUSIONS@#These results confirm that breastfeeding is associated with higher fruit and vegetable consumption and dietary variety, whereas formula feeding is associated with lower fruit and vegetable consumption and dietary variety. Therefore, the feeding characteristics in infants may affect fruit and vegetable consumption and dietary variety in children.
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Purpose@#To investigate the risk of congenital glaucoma development in premature infants with large cup/disc ratios: a long-term follow-up study. @*Methods@#The medical records of premature infants with cup/disc ratios of at least 0.3 were retrospectively reviewed. Ophthalmic examinations, including measurements of intraocular pressure (IOP) corneal diameter, and dilated fundoscopy, were periodically performed. Changes in the cup/disc ratio from the first examination to the last follow-up were sought, and clinical factors associated with such changes were analyzed. In addition, glaucoma development was investigated. @*Results@#Seventy-four patients were included; they were monitored for up to 33.96 ± 19.86 months (based on corrected age). At first examination, the mean IOP was 17.12 ± 4.01 mmHg and the horizontal corneal diameter 10.34 ± 0.83 mm. The mean cup/disc ratio was 0.54 ± 0.14 at the first visit and increased significantly to 0.57 ± 0.14 at the last follow-up (p < 0.001). A small baseline cup/disc ratio was associated with a greater change in the cup/disc ratio (regression coefficient β = -0.111, p = 0.028). We found no significant association of such change with gestational age, birth weight, IOP, or corneal diameter. We encountered no case of congenital glaucoma. @*Conclusions@#Even if the cup/disc ratio is at least 0.3 in premature infants, the risk of glaucoma does not seem to be high if the IOP is not high. Prospective studies on more patients are needed.
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Objectives@#Young children’s feeding characteristics can play an important role in eating habits and health during later childhood. This study was conducted to examine the associations of feeding characteristics with dietary patterns and obesity in children. @*Methods@#This study utilized data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted between 2013 and 2017. In total, 802 toddlers were included, with information on their demographic characteristics, feeding practices and duration, and 24-hour recall obtained from their parents. Feeding characteristics were categorized into feeding type, duration of total breastfeeding, duration of total formula feeding, duration of exclusive breastfeeding, and age when starting formula feeding. Dietary patterns were identified based on factor loadings for the food groups for 3 major factors, with “vegetables & traditional,” “fish & carbohydrates,” and “sweet & fat” patterns. Overweight/obesity was defined as ≥85th percentile in body mass index based on the 2017 Korean National Growth charts for children and adolescents. Multiple regression analysis was conducted to examine associations between feeding characteristics and dietary patterns. The association between dietary patterns and obesity was analyzed using multivariable logistic regression analysis. @*Results@#The early introduction of formula feeding was inversely associated with the “vegetables & traditional” pattern (β=-0.18; 95% confidence interval [CI], -0.34 to -0.02). A higher “vegetables & traditional” intake was associated with a lower risk of obesity (odds ratio, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.24 to 0.95). @*Conclusions@#Feeding characteristics are associated with dietary patterns in later childhood, and dietary patterns were shown to have a potential protective association against obesity.
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Purpose@#The purpose of this study was to assess the diet intake status and quality of adults from North Korea who had lived in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do, using the nutrition quotient (NQ) for Korean adults. @*Methods@#A number of 166 adults aged from 20 to 64 years were enrolled as study subjects.A structured questionnaire was used to collect information on their demographic characteristics, food consumption frequency, eating behaviors, and NQ. The NQ score was then used to measure the overall diet quality. The NQ score was composed of four major agebased categories. ‘Balance’, ‘Diversity’, ‘Moderation’, and ‘Dietary behavior’ were utilized as scores for measurements within each of the four categories. The scores for all four categories were summed up, resulting in the total NQ score. Participants’ age groups were stratified by 20’s, 30’s, 40’, and over 50’s. A χ2 test and generalized linear regression (GLM) model were used to assess a significance for difference of subject distribution in categorical and continuous variables in the food consumption frequency, eating behaviors, and NQ scores. @*Results@#Participants in younger age groups were more likely to report consumption of ramyeon, fast food, sweet and greasy baked products, processed beverage, delivery food, and night snacks than the older age groups. Most importantly, participants in 20’s age group were less likely to report the total NQ and moderation score than the 50’s age group. @*Conclusion@#In this study, the 20’s age group displayed a lower NQ characteristic for an unbalanced diet. Therefore, it is imperative for adults from North Korea to be given individualized diet instructions along with nutritional education programs.
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Purpose@#To determine the intraocular pressure (IOP) lowering effect and complications of Ahmed valve implantation (AGV) in patients who underwent cyclophotocoagulation (CPC). @*Methods@#Patients who underwent AGV after CPC in group 1, those who underwent CPC after AGV in group 2, and patients who underwent repeated CPC in group 3 were included in this retrospective observational study. Changes in IOP, number of glaucoma eye drops, and best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) were analyzed before and 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months after surgery, and postoperative complications were analyzed. @*Results@#Eight patients in group 1, 10 patients in group 2, and seven patients in group 3 were included in the analysis. Preoperative IOP was 45.6 ± 15.5, 29.3 ± 5.6, and 43.4 ± 14.4 mmHg in the three groups, respectively, and the number of glaucoma eye drops was 3.8 ± 0.7, 3.9 ± 0.3, and 3.7 ± 1.0 in the three groups, respectively. At 12 months postoperatively, IOP decreased significantly in all three groups compared to preoperatively (all p < 0.05), and the number of glaucoma eye drops was also significantly reduced (all p < 0.05). Among patients with preoperative BCVA of 0.02 decimal or higher, postoperative BCVA decreased in two patients in group 2 and one in group 3 (p = 0.380). Hypotony occurred in one patient in group 1 and two patients in group 3 (p = 0.383), and among them, one patient in group 1 and one patient in group 3 progressed to the phthisis (p = 0.940). @*Conclusions@#In patients whose IOP cannot be controlled after CPC, AGV is expected to be used as a relatively safe and effective treatment method for lowering IOP.
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Background@#The aim of this study was to estimate the 8-year prevalence and mortality statistics of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) according to birth year (2002–2012). @*Methods@#We used the National Health Insurance Service database with 4,989,351 children born from 2002 to 2012 including 35,529 children diagnosed with ASD until 8 years of age.The 8-year cumulative prevalence of ASD was calculated annually (2010–2020) with 8 years of follow-up. The 8-year mortality was estimated using Cox models adjusted for sex, household income, area of residence, and year of birth. @*Results@#Of the 473,494 children born in 2002, 2,467 (5.2 per 1,000 births) were diagnosed with ASD until 2010. The ASD prevalence was 2.6 times higher among boys (1,839; 7.4 per 1,000 boy births) than girls (628; 2.8 per 1,000 girl births). Of the 467,360 children born in 2012, 4,378 (9.4 per 1,000 births) were diagnosed with ASD until 2020. The ASD prevalence was 2.7 times higher among boys (3,246; 13.5 per 1,000 boy births) than girls (1,132; 5.0 per 1,000 girl births). The risk of all-cause mortality was higher among children with ASD than those without (hazard ratio [HR], 2.340; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.063–2.654), which is substantially higher among girls (HR, 4.223; 95% CI, 3.472–5.135) than boys (HR, 1.774; 95% CI, 1.505–2.090). @*Conclusion@#The present study demonstrated that national-level prevalence and mortality statistics of ASD can be estimated effectively using claims data comprising newborns born each year and followed up for to the age of interest. Because this information is essential to establish evidence-based policies, health authorities need to consider producing epidemiological information of ASD continuously using the same methodology.
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Purpose@#To report a case of diplopia caused by restrictive strabismus developing after conjunctivodacryocystorhinostomy (CDCR).Case summary: A 61-year-old female presented with persistent epiphora after failure to repair ipsilateral canalicular lacerations of the left eye caused by trauma occurred 25 years ago. CDCR was performed and the epiphora improved. Four months later, the patient presented with diplopia on the left gaze. An abduction limitation of -4 and a supraduction limitation of -3 were observed in the left eye. Therefore, Jones tube removal was performed 5 months after CDCR surgery. Two weeks later, as the limitations persisted, adhesiolysis of the conjunctiva and an amniotic membrane transplantation (AMT) were performed. This exposed a subconjunctival adhesion at the inferonasal conjunctiva; histopathological examination revealed fibrotic tissues. Three months later, the adhesions recurred and the patient was transferred to another hospital. Conjunctival adhesiolysis, AMT, and a 6.5 mm recession of medial rectus (MR) muscle were performed. One week later, exotropia occurred in the primary position, and the MR muscle of the left eye was advanced by 2 mm. Nine months after the final surgery, the primary gaze was orthotropia. The diplopia within the central 20° of visual field had disappeared. However, a levoelevation limitation of -1.5 remained in the left eye. @*Conclusions@#CDCR is the only treatment method for patients with occlusion of both the upper and lower proximal lacrimal canaliculi. However, rare complications such as restrictive strabismus with diplopia may occur. As preventing adhesion is difficult, sufficient patient notice is required prior to surgery.
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OBJECTIVES@#The aim of this study was to estimate the age-specific effects of 8-hour maximum ozone levels on pneumonia in children and adolescents. @*METHODS@#We performed quasi-Poisson regression analyses for individuals of 0-4 years, 5-9 years, 10-14 years, and 15-19 years of age using nationwide time-series data from the Korea (2011-2015). We constructed distributed lag linear models employing a generalized difference-in-differences method and controlling for other air pollutants. @*RESULTS@#A 10.0-parts per billion increase in 8-hour maximum ozone levels was associated with a higher risk of hospital admissions due to pneumonia at 0-4 (relative risk [RR], 1.02; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01 to 1.03) and 5-9 years of age (RR, 1.06; 95% CI, 1.04 to 1.08), but not at 10-14 (RR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.98 to 1.04) or 15-19 years of age (RR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.97 to 1.06). The association between ozone and hospital admissions due to pneumonia was stronger in cool seasons (from November to April) than in warm seasons (from May to October), but was similar between boys and girls. @*CONCLUSIONS@#Short-term exposure to ozone was associated with a higher risk of pneumonia at 0-4 years and 5-9 years of age, but not at 10-14 years or 15-19 years of age. Our findings can help identify vulnerable periods, determine the target populations for public health interventions, and establish air pollution standards.
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The dental high-speed air turbine handpiece operates by rotating the impeller inside the handpiece with compressed air. However, even if the inflow of the powered compressed air is stopped, the impeller rotates due to inertial rotation and creates negative pressure inside the handpiece (backflow suction, commonly known as suck-back). Organic matter and microorganisms in the patient’s oral cavity flow into not only the inside of the handpiece but also other parts connected to the handpiece, causing contamination. In this study, the Zero Suck-back Control Box (ZSCB) device, which was developed to prevent the reverse suction of the handpiece, was applied to five different handpieces and tested. After driving the five different handpieces with or without ZSCB in the air, the presence or absence of suck-back was observed when they were stopped. In addition, when the handpiece was driven using the fluorescent solution to imitate the oral environment, the fluorescent solution flowing into the inside due to the reverse suction phenomenon was observed. It was evident that operating different handpieces with the ZSCB is effective in preventing the inhalation of external contaminants. In two different experiments conducted in this study, the use of ZSCB was shown to be effective in preventing regurgitation in both atmospheric and immersion conditions.
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Purpose@#To investigate the safety of applying therapeutic contact lenses and eye drops after cataract surgery. @*Methods@#Immediately after cataract surgery, 947 eyes (group 1) used therapeutic contact lenses and eye drops and 914 (group 2) applied antibiotic ointment and wore a gauze eye patch for the first postoperative day. Clinical outcomes including best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), IOP, degree of anterior chamber inflammation, wound leakage, and postoperative endophthalmitis were compared in the two groups 1 day, 1 week, and 1 month after surgery. @*Results@#There were no significant differences in the mean pre- and postoperative BCVA and IOP at 1 day, 1 week, and 1 month between groups 1 and 2. There was no difference in anterior chamber inflammation between the two groups at 1 day (p = 0.302), 1 week (p = 0.437), or 1 month (p = 0.960) after surgery. On the first postoperative day, 10 eyes in group 1 and nine eyes in group 2 had wound leakage (p = 1.000). There was no endophthalmitis in either group. @*Conclusions@#The risk of postoperative complications in group 1 was not higher than in group 2. Therefore, wearing therapeutic contact lenses and using eye drops is a relatively safe management method after cataract surgery.
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Ceramic prosthesis fabrication using CAD/CAM has advantages such as high convenience, fast fabrication speed, and high esthetics, resulted in increasing use in clinical practice. Among them, the multi-layered zirconia block for dental CAD/CAM is a product that consists of a single block with layers of different shades, so that natural tooth color can be reproduced.However, research on the material is insufficient, and in particular, the study on the characteristics of low-temperature degradation, which is known to be important for zirconia-based medical devices, is required to evaluate the performance and safety of the material. In this study, in order to evaluate the effect of low-temperature degradation on the properties of multi-layered zirconia blocks, three-point flexural strength, fracture surface and phase changes before and after low-temperature degradation of three companies’ dental CAD/CAM multi-layered zirconia block products were compared. As a result of this experiment, all products of the three manufacturers met International Standards, and there was no change in strength even after low-temperature degradation. However, it was found that there were differences in monoclinic content, three-point flexural strength, and the surface crystal structure for each zirconia block.
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Purpose@#This study aimed to investigate the association between autism spectrum disorder (ASD) diagnosis and mortality among children using the data from a large-scale national cohort of Korean infants and children. We also explored the association between hearing impairment detected during early infancy and mortality. @*Materials and Methods@#We performed a retrospective cohort study using the nationwide claims data of the Republic of Korea.Children born between 2007 and 2014 (n=3598904) were followed up until 2020. Cox proportional hazard models were used to examine the association between ASD diagnosis and mortality among children. Then, in order to evaluate the association between hearing impairment and mortality, Cox proportional hazard models were built using the responses related to hearing impairment asked during the first health screening (at age 4–6 months). @*Results@#Of the 3598904 children born between 2007 and 2014, 32878 children (0.9%) were diagnosed with ASD until the end of 2020. We identified that ASD diagnosis was associated with higher mortality among children [hazard ratio (HR)=2.5, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.2–2.9]. This association was stronger among girls (HR=4.8, 95% CI: 3.9–5.8) compared to boys (HR=1.9, 95% CI: 1.6–2.2). We found that hearing impairment detected during infancy was associated with higher mortality among children with ASD diagnosis. @*Conclusion@#ASD diagnosis was associated with higher mortality among Korean children. This association was stronger in girls than in boys. Hearing impairment detected during infancy was also associated with higher mortality among children diagnosed with ASD.
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Purpose@#To evaluate the efficacy of the Icare ic200 in clinical practice by comparing the intraocular pressure (IOP) measured with the Icare ic200 rebound tonometer to the IOP measured with the Goldmann applanation tonometer (GAT). @*Methods@#A total of 294 eyes of 294 Korean patients were included. IOP was measured with the Icare ic200 and then measured again with a GAT in all patients. We evaluated the degree of IOP agreement between the two tonometers and analyzed the diagnostic ability of the Icare ic200 for a reading ≥ 22 mmHg with the GAT. We also analyzed whether clinical factors including biometry affected the difference in IOP measured by the two tonometers. @*Results@#The IOP values measured with the Icare ic200 and GAT were strongly correlated (r = 0.875, p < 0.001). The IOP measured with the Icare ic200 was lower than the IOP measured with GAT. The mean difference was 3.07 ± 2.67 mmHg, and 95.24% of patients were distributed within the 95% limits of agreement (-2.16 to 8.30 mmHg) on Bland-Altman plots. The diagnostic ability of the Icare ic200 for IOP ≥ 22 mmHg was 0.959 (area under the receiver operating characterisitic). In multivariate regression analyses, older age (β = 0.034, p = 0.020) and greater corneal curvature (β = 0.213, p = 0.030) were correlated with larger IOP differences between the two tonometers. @*Conclusions@#Although the Icare ic200 was more consistent than the GAT with reasonable diagnostic ability for ≥ 22 mmHg, the IOP measured 3 mmHg lower than the GAT. Therefore, the Icare ic200 might be more useful as a screening test to increase IOP rather than replacing GAT in clinical practice.
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Purpose@#We compared the outcomes of cataract surgery in patients who underwent trabeculectomy and Ahmed glaucoma valve implantation. @*Methods@#Twenty-nine trabeculectomized eyes of 29 patients (group 1) and 20 Ahmed glaucoma valve-implanted eyes of 20 patients (group 2) were enrolled consecutively. All subjects underwent thorough ophthalmic examinations, including slit-lamp microscopy and Goldmann applanation tonometry preoperatively, on postoperative days 1 and 7, and at postoperative months 1, 3, and 6. The surgical outcomes including intraocular pressure (IOP) and the required number of IOP-lowering medications were compared between the two groups. @*Results@#The mean preoperative IOP in groups 1 and 2 was 15.34 ± 4.34 and 16.35 ± 3.44 mmHg, respectively (p = 0.265). In group 1, the IOP on postoperative day 1 increased significantly (by 3.86 ± 9.69 mmHg, p = 0.038), and the number of IOP-lowering medications rose at both 3 months (0.28 ± 0.70, p = 0.046) and 6 months (0.34 ± 0.94, p = 0.047) postoperatively. Group 2 exhibited no change in the IOP postoperatively or the number of IOP-lowering medications required in the postoperative period. Subconjunctival 5-fluorouracil injections for IOP control were required by two group 1 patients within 1 month postoperatively. @*Conclusions@#In patients with a trabeculectomized eye, the IOP increased immediately after cataract surgery; additional IOP-lowering procedures were required by some patients. The number of IOP-lowering medications increased after 3 months postoperatively. As cataract surgery may compromise filtering bleb function to a greater extent in trabeculectomized than in Ahmed glaucoma valve-implanted eyes, the former eyes require closer observation during the early postoperative period.
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Purpose@#To present a case of a cystic solitary fibrous tumor (SFT), the first report of its kind in Korea, along with a review of the literature of SFTs affecting the orbit.Case summary: A 71-year-old male was referred to our practice due to diplopia for 2 years and 6 months. On ophthalmologic examination, 10-mm proptosis and inferolateral globe displacement were observed in the left eye, and extraocular movements were limited in all directions of gaze. A facial computed tomography scan and magnetic resonance imaging showed a lobulated, well-enhanced mass in the superonasal extraconal space. The tumor appeared to be heterogeneous; cystic tissue was suspected. An excisional biopsy was performed through anterior orbitotomy to remove the mass (dimensions, 43 × 30 × 28 mm3). Histological examination showed the tumor to be composed of spindle cells in collagenous tissue. Immunohistochemical staining was positive for CD34, CD99, and orbital SFT with cystic changes. @*Conclusions@#SFT arising in the orbit is extremely rare but should be considered in the differential diagnosis of progressing unilateral proptosis, keeping in mind that this condition may be accompanied by cystic changes.
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Purpose@#This study aimed to investigate the association between autism spectrum disorder (ASD) diagnosis and mortality among children using the data from a large-scale national cohort of Korean infants and children. We also explored the association between hearing impairment detected during early infancy and mortality. @*Materials and Methods@#We performed a retrospective cohort study using the nationwide claims data of the Republic of Korea.Children born between 2007 and 2014 (n=3598904) were followed up until 2020. Cox proportional hazard models were used to examine the association between ASD diagnosis and mortality among children. Then, in order to evaluate the association between hearing impairment and mortality, Cox proportional hazard models were built using the responses related to hearing impairment asked during the first health screening (at age 4–6 months). @*Results@#Of the 3598904 children born between 2007 and 2014, 32878 children (0.9%) were diagnosed with ASD until the end of 2020. We identified that ASD diagnosis was associated with higher mortality among children [hazard ratio (HR)=2.5, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.2–2.9]. This association was stronger among girls (HR=4.8, 95% CI: 3.9–5.8) compared to boys (HR=1.9, 95% CI: 1.6–2.2). We found that hearing impairment detected during infancy was associated with higher mortality among children with ASD diagnosis. @*Conclusion@#ASD diagnosis was associated with higher mortality among Korean children. This association was stronger in girls than in boys. Hearing impairment detected during infancy was also associated with higher mortality among children diagnosed with ASD.
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Purpose@#To evaluate the efficacy of the Icare ic200 in clinical practice by comparing the intraocular pressure (IOP) measured with the Icare ic200 rebound tonometer to the IOP measured with the Goldmann applanation tonometer (GAT). @*Methods@#A total of 294 eyes of 294 Korean patients were included. IOP was measured with the Icare ic200 and then measured again with a GAT in all patients. We evaluated the degree of IOP agreement between the two tonometers and analyzed the diagnostic ability of the Icare ic200 for a reading ≥ 22 mmHg with the GAT. We also analyzed whether clinical factors including biometry affected the difference in IOP measured by the two tonometers. @*Results@#The IOP values measured with the Icare ic200 and GAT were strongly correlated (r = 0.875, p < 0.001). The IOP measured with the Icare ic200 was lower than the IOP measured with GAT. The mean difference was 3.07 ± 2.67 mmHg, and 95.24% of patients were distributed within the 95% limits of agreement (-2.16 to 8.30 mmHg) on Bland-Altman plots. The diagnostic ability of the Icare ic200 for IOP ≥ 22 mmHg was 0.959 (area under the receiver operating characterisitic). In multivariate regression analyses, older age (β = 0.034, p = 0.020) and greater corneal curvature (β = 0.213, p = 0.030) were correlated with larger IOP differences between the two tonometers. @*Conclusions@#Although the Icare ic200 was more consistent than the GAT with reasonable diagnostic ability for ≥ 22 mmHg, the IOP measured 3 mmHg lower than the GAT. Therefore, the Icare ic200 might be more useful as a screening test to increase IOP rather than replacing GAT in clinical practice.
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Purpose@#We compared the outcomes of cataract surgery in patients who underwent trabeculectomy and Ahmed glaucoma valve implantation. @*Methods@#Twenty-nine trabeculectomized eyes of 29 patients (group 1) and 20 Ahmed glaucoma valve-implanted eyes of 20 patients (group 2) were enrolled consecutively. All subjects underwent thorough ophthalmic examinations, including slit-lamp microscopy and Goldmann applanation tonometry preoperatively, on postoperative days 1 and 7, and at postoperative months 1, 3, and 6. The surgical outcomes including intraocular pressure (IOP) and the required number of IOP-lowering medications were compared between the two groups. @*Results@#The mean preoperative IOP in groups 1 and 2 was 15.34 ± 4.34 and 16.35 ± 3.44 mmHg, respectively (p = 0.265). In group 1, the IOP on postoperative day 1 increased significantly (by 3.86 ± 9.69 mmHg, p = 0.038), and the number of IOP-lowering medications rose at both 3 months (0.28 ± 0.70, p = 0.046) and 6 months (0.34 ± 0.94, p = 0.047) postoperatively. Group 2 exhibited no change in the IOP postoperatively or the number of IOP-lowering medications required in the postoperative period. Subconjunctival 5-fluorouracil injections for IOP control were required by two group 1 patients within 1 month postoperatively. @*Conclusions@#In patients with a trabeculectomized eye, the IOP increased immediately after cataract surgery; additional IOP-lowering procedures were required by some patients. The number of IOP-lowering medications increased after 3 months postoperatively. As cataract surgery may compromise filtering bleb function to a greater extent in trabeculectomized than in Ahmed glaucoma valve-implanted eyes, the former eyes require closer observation during the early postoperative period.
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Purpose@#To present a case of a cystic solitary fibrous tumor (SFT), the first report of its kind in Korea, along with a review of the literature of SFTs affecting the orbit.Case summary: A 71-year-old male was referred to our practice due to diplopia for 2 years and 6 months. On ophthalmologic examination, 10-mm proptosis and inferolateral globe displacement were observed in the left eye, and extraocular movements were limited in all directions of gaze. A facial computed tomography scan and magnetic resonance imaging showed a lobulated, well-enhanced mass in the superonasal extraconal space. The tumor appeared to be heterogeneous; cystic tissue was suspected. An excisional biopsy was performed through anterior orbitotomy to remove the mass (dimensions, 43 × 30 × 28 mm3). Histological examination showed the tumor to be composed of spindle cells in collagenous tissue. Immunohistochemical staining was positive for CD34, CD99, and orbital SFT with cystic changes. @*Conclusions@#SFT arising in the orbit is extremely rare but should be considered in the differential diagnosis of progressing unilateral proptosis, keeping in mind that this condition may be accompanied by cystic changes.
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Background@#The objective of this article is to assess the mental health issues of the mild condition coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients admitted to a community treatment center (CTC) in Korea. @*Methods@#A total of 107 patients admitted to a CTC were included as the study population, and their mental health problems including depression (patient health questionnaire-9), anxiety (generalized anxiety disorder scale-7), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (PTSD checklist-5) and somatic symptoms (by patient health questionnaire-15) were evaluated every week during their stay. The stigma related to COVID-19 infection was evaluated with an adjusted version of the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) stigma scale. @*Results@#During the first week of isolation, the prevalence of more-than-moderate depression was 24.3%, more-than-moderate anxiety was 14.9%, more-than-moderate somatic symptoms was 36.5% and possible PTSD was 5.6% of total population. For depression and anxiety, previous psychiatric history and stigma of COVID-19 infection were significant risk factors. For PTSD, previous psychiatric history and stigma of COVID-19 infection as well as total duration of isolation were found to be significant risk factors. Prevalence of depression, anxiety and possible PTSD remained similar across the four weeks of observations, though the prevalence of severe depression, increased after four weeks of stay. Somatic symptoms seemed to decrease during their stay. @*Conclusion@#The results suggest that social mitigation of COVID-19 related stigma, as well as care of patients with pre-existing mental health problems are important mental health measures during this crisis period. It is also important that clinical guidelines and public health policies be well balanced over the protection of the public and those quarantined to minimize the negative psychosocial consequences from isolation of the patients.